Spearman's rho overview

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Spearman's rho	Chi-squared test for the relationship between two categorical variables	Chi-squared test for the relationship between two categorical variables
Variable 1	Independent /column variable	Independent /column variable
One of ordinal level	One categorical with $I$ independent groups ($I \geqslant 2$)	One categorical with $I$ independent groups ($I \geqslant 2$)
Variable 2	Dependent /row variable	Dependent /row variable
One of ordinal level	One categorical with $J$ independent groups ($J \geqslant 2$)	One categorical with $J$ independent groups ($J \geqslant 2$)
Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis
H₀: $\rho_s = 0$ Here $\rho_s$ is the Spearman correlation in the population. The Spearman correlation is a measure for the strength and direction of the monotonic relationship between two variables of at least ordinal measurement level. In words, the null hypothesis would be: H₀: there is no monotonic relationship between the two variables in the population.	H₀: there is no association between the row and column variable More precisely, if there are $I$ independent random samples of size $n_i$ from each of $I$ populations, defined by the independent variable: H₀: the distribution of the dependent variable is the same in each of the $I$ populations If there is one random sample of size $N$ from the total population: H₀: the row and column variables are independent	H₀: there is no association between the row and column variable More precisely, if there are $I$ independent random samples of size $n_i$ from each of $I$ populations, defined by the independent variable: H₀: the distribution of the dependent variable is the same in each of the $I$ populations If there is one random sample of size $N$ from the total population: H₀: the row and column variables are independent
Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis
H₁ two sided: $\rho_s \neq 0$ H₁ right sided: $\rho_s > 0$ H₁ left sided: $\rho_s < 0$	H₁: there is an association between the row and column variable More precisely, if there are $I$ independent random samples of size $n_i$ from each of $I$ populations, defined by the independent variable: H₁: the distribution of the dependent variable is not the same in all of the $I$ populations If there is one random sample of size $N$ from the total population: H₁: the row and column variables are dependent	H₁: there is an association between the row and column variable More precisely, if there are $I$ independent random samples of size $n_i$ from each of $I$ populations, defined by the independent variable: H₁: the distribution of the dependent variable is not the same in all of the $I$ populations If there is one random sample of size $N$ from the total population: H₁: the row and column variables are dependent
Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions
Sample of pairs is a simple random sample from the population of pairs. That is, pairs are independent of one another Note: this assumption is only important for the significance test, not for the correlation coefficient itself. The correlation coefficient itself just measures the strength of the monotonic relationship between two variables.	Sample size is large enough for $X^2$ to be approximately chi-squared distributed under the null hypothesis. Rule of thumb: 2 $\times$ 2 table: all four expected cell counts are 5 or more Larger than 2 $\times$ 2 tables: average of the expected cell counts is 5 or more, smallest expected cell count is 1 or more There are $I$ independent simple random samples from each of $I$ populations defined by the independent variable, or there is one simple random sample from the total population	Sample size is large enough for $X^2$ to be approximately chi-squared distributed under the null hypothesis. Rule of thumb: 2 $\times$ 2 table: all four expected cell counts are 5 or more Larger than 2 $\times$ 2 tables: average of the expected cell counts is 5 or more, smallest expected cell count is 1 or more There are $I$ independent simple random samples from each of $I$ populations defined by the independent variable, or there is one simple random sample from the total population
Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic
$t = \dfrac{r_s \times \sqrt{N - 2}}{\sqrt{1 - r_s^2}} $ Here $r_s$ is the sample Spearman correlation and $N$ is the sample size. The sample Spearman correlation $r_s$ is equal to the Pearson correlation applied to the rank scores.	$X^2 = \sum{\frac{(\mbox{observed cell count} - \mbox{expected cell count})^2}{\mbox{expected cell count}}}$ Here for each cell, the expected cell count = $\dfrac{\mbox{row total} \times \mbox{column total}}{\mbox{total sample size}}$, the observed cell count is the observed sample count in that same cell, and the sum is over all $I \times J$ cells.	$X^2 = \sum{\frac{(\mbox{observed cell count} - \mbox{expected cell count})^2}{\mbox{expected cell count}}}$ Here for each cell, the expected cell count = $\dfrac{\mbox{row total} \times \mbox{column total}}{\mbox{total sample size}}$, the observed cell count is the observed sample count in that same cell, and the sum is over all $I \times J$ cells.
Sampling distribution of $t$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $X^2$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $X^2$ if H₀ were true
Approximately the $t$ distribution with $N - 2$ degrees of freedom	Approximately the chi-squared distribution with $(I - 1) \times (J - 1)$ degrees of freedom	Approximately the chi-squared distribution with $(I - 1) \times (J - 1)$ degrees of freedom
Significant?	Significant?	Significant?
Two sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is at least as extreme as critical value $t^$ or Find two sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Right sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $t^$ or Find right sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Left sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or smaller than critical value $t^*$ or Find left sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	Check if $X^2$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $X^{2*}$ or Find $p$ value corresponding to observed $X^2$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	Check if $X^2$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $X^{2*}$ or Find $p$ value corresponding to observed $X^2$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$
Example context	Example context	Example context
Is there a monotonic relationship between physical health and mental health?	Is there an association between economic class and gender? Is the distribution of economic class different between men and women?	Is there an association between economic class and gender? Is the distribution of economic class different between men and women?
SPSS	SPSS	SPSS
Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate... Put your two variables in the box below Variables Under Correlation Coefficients, select Spearman	Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs... Put one of your two categorical variables in the box below Row(s), and the other categorical variable in the box below Column(s) Click the Statistics... button, and click on the square in front of Chi-square Continue and click OK	Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs... Put one of your two categorical variables in the box below Row(s), and the other categorical variable in the box below Column(s) Click the Statistics... button, and click on the square in front of Chi-square Continue and click OK
Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi
Regression > Correlation Matrix Put your two variables in the white box at the right Under Correlation Coefficients, select Spearman Under Hypothesis, select your alternative hypothesis	Frequencies > Independent Samples - $\chi^2$ test of association Put one of your two categorical variables in the box below Rows, and the other categorical variable in the box below Columns	Frequencies > Independent Samples - $\chi^2$ test of association Put one of your two categorical variables in the box below Rows, and the other categorical variable in the box below Columns
Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions

Spearman's rho - overview